¡¡¡¡ÖÐÐÂÍø8ÔÂ28ÈÕµç ̨Í塶ÀúÊ·Ô¿¯¡·½ñÄêÆßÔºŷ¢±íÑîÎÂÀûµÄÎÄÕ£¬Ïêϸ·ÖÎöÁ˼×ÎçÕ½ÕùÖеÄÖйúÊÀ¼Íº£È¨ÃΣ¬ÈÏΪÖйúÕ½°ÜµÄÔÒò²¢²»Äܼòµ¥µØ×ÜÀ¨Îª¡°²»Öªº£È¨¡±£¬¶øÔÚÓÚÇåÍ¢¶Ô¹ú¼ÒËùÔÚµØÔµÕ½ÂÔ»·¾³Óëµ±´ú¿Æ¼¼Âö¶¯ÈÏʶ²»×㣬δÄܳ¯ÕýÈ·µÄ·½Ïò£¬½¨Á¢·ûºÏ×ÔÉíÊØÊÆÕþ²ßÓë´ó½ÐÔ¸ñµÄ¹ú·ÀÎäÁ¦¡£
ÔÎÄժ¼ÈçÏ£º
¾¡¹ÜÒÑÊdz¬¹ýÒ»¸öÊÀ¼ÍµÄ³ÂÄêÍùÊ£¬µ«ÖÐÈÕ¼×ÎçÕ½ÕùÖÁ½ñÈÔδ±»ÊÀÈËËùµÍü¡£¼×ÎçÒ»Õ½µÄÓ°ÏìÖÁ½ñ¶¼»¹´æÔÚ£¬²»½öÊÇÖйúÉÐδÍêÈ«´Ó´ËÕ½Ëù±êÖ¾µÄ¡°°ÙÄêÇüÈ衱Öлָ´£¬¸üÔÚÓÚ¼×ÎçÕ½ÕùÈÕºóÔÚÕ½ÂÔÓë´óÕ½ÂÔÉÏËùÔì³ÉµÄÓ¡ÏóÓë³å»÷¡£È»¶øÖйú¡°ºÎÒÔʧ°Ü£¿¡±
¡¡¡¡¶ÔÓÚÕâ¸ö×îÖØÒªµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÀúÀ´´ÓÕþ²ß¡¢Õ½ÂÔ¡¢Õ½ÊõµÈ¸÷¸ö²ã½ÔÓÐËù¼ìÌÖ¡¢ÅúÅУ¬¶ø´ÓÖÐËù»ñµÃ½áÂÛÔò¿É×ÜÀ¨Îª£º¡°²»Öªº£È¨¡£¡±Öйú±»Â½µØÊÕÁËÁé»ê£¬¼È²»ÖªÈçºÎÀûÓú£ÑóÒÔÔö½ø¹ú¼ÒµÄȨÁ¦Ó븣ìí£»Ò²²»ÖªÈçºÎÔËÓú£¾ü±øÁ¦ÒÔ»ñÖÂÕ½ÕùµÄʤÀû¡£µ«ÕâÒ»ÇÐËùÏÔʾµÄ£¬È´ÊÇÔÚ¼×ÎçÕ½Õù½áÊø°ÙÓàÄêÖ®ºó£¬¶ÔÆä¾Ñé½ÌѵÓëÆôʾµÄÈÏʶ£¬¾¹È»»¹ÊÇËÆÊǶø·Ç¡£Òò´Ë£¬±¾ÎÄÊÔͼ¶Ô¹ýÈ¥Óйؼ×ÎçÕ½ÕùµÄÅúÆÀ¡¢½âÊÍ£¬ÔÙ×÷Ò»³¹µ×µÄ¼ìÌÖ£¬²¢²àÖØÔÚÕ½ÂÔÓë´óÕ½ÂÔÉϵÄÒ⺣¬ÖÁÓÚÕ½ÊõÉϵĽÌѵÔÚ½ñÈÕÒѺÜÉÙ¼ÛÖµ£¬½«ÒÔÓèÊ¡ÂÔ¡£
¡¡¡¡´óÕ½ÂÔÓ뽨¾ü±¸Õ½
¡¡¡¡¼×ÎçÖ®°Ü£¬µÚÒ»ÀàµÄ¼ìÌÖÖ±Ö¸´óÕ½ÂÔÓ뽨¾ü±¸Õ½ÉϵÄʧÎó¡£¼×ÎçÕ½ÕùÇ°Ò»Ö±Ö÷¹ÜÑóÎñ¡¢Íâ½»µÄÇåÍ¢±±Ñó´ó³¼ÀîºèÕ£¬×îΪÈËËùÚ¸²¡Õߣ¬ÊÇËû¡°´¿´âÊØÊÆ¡±µÄÕþ²ß¡£ÀîºèÕµĴóÕ½ÂÔ£¬ÄËÊÇ·ÅÆúÖܱߵķªÊô¹ú£¬ÒÔÕùÈ¡±¾ÍÁÏÖ´ú»¯½¨ÉèµÄʱ¼ä£»·´¹ÛÈÕ±¾Ôò²ÉÈ¡¶ÔÍâÀ©ÕŵÄÕþ²ß¡£ÕâÖÖ²îÒì·´Ó³ÁËÀîºèÕ£¬»ò˵ÊÇÕû¸öÇåÍ¢¶ÔÓÚº£È¨µÄ¾«ÒªÈ±·¦ÈÏʶ£¬¡°Ö»Öª¡®º£·À¡¯²»Öª¡®º£È¨¡¯¡±£¬Î´ÄܲÎ͸¡°º£È¨¶ÔÀúÊ·¹ý³ÌºÍ¹ú¼ÒÐËË¥Ëù²úÉúµÄЧ¹û¡±¡£²»¹ý£¬ÕâÖÖÅúÆÀÑϸñµÄ˵²¢²»ÕýÈ·¡£
¡¡¡¡Ê×ÏÈ£¬¾¡¹ÜÇåÍ¢µÄÈ·ºÄ·Ñ¾Þ×ʽ¨Á¢ÁËÅÓ´óµÄ½¢¶Ó£¬ÇÒÒÀÕÕº£È¨´óʦÂíºº(A. T. Mahan)֮˵£¬½¢¶Ó±¾ÖÊÉÏȷʵ¾ÍÊǹ¥»÷ÐԵģ¬µ«ÈôÒò´Ë¶øÅúÆÀÇåÍ¢²»Öª²ÉÈ¡À©ÕÅ¡¢¹¥»÷µÄÕþ²ß£¬·¢»Ó½¢¶ÓµÄ¹¥»÷ÐÔ£¬ÊµÊDZ¾Ä©µ¹Öá£ÒòΪ£¬ÕþÖÎÄ¿µÄÓë¾üʹ¤¾ßµÄÕýÈ·¹Øϵ£¬Ó¦¸ÃÊÇ¡°¹¤¾ßÀ´ÊÊӦĿµÄ¡±¶ø·Ç¡°Ä¿µÄÈ¥ÊÊÓ¦¹¤¾ß¡±£»ÊÇÒòÓÐÇÖÂÔÐÔµÄÕþ²ß²ÅÐèÒª¹¥»÷ÐԵľü±¸£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÓÐÁ˹¥»÷ÐԵľü±¸ËùÒÔ±ØÐë²ÉÓÃÇÖÂÔÕþ²ß¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÀîºèÕÂÔÚ´óÕ½ÂÔÓ뽨¾ü±¸Õ½µÄÉϵÄʧÎó£¬ÆäʵÊÇÔÚÓÚËûÑ¡ÔñÁ˲»µ±µÄ¹¤¾ßÈ¥ÅäºÏÆäÕþ²ß¡£
¡¡¡¡ÀîºèÕµÄÊØÊƹú²ß£¬ÐèÒªµÄÊÇ·ÀÓùÐԵľü±¸¡£ÔÚº£¾ü·½Ã棬ÒÀµ±Ê±Ê®¾ÅÊÀ¼ÍµÄ¿Æ¼¼£¬±ãÊÇÓãÀ×(¿ìͧ)ÓëË®Àס£ÓÃÓãÀ×ͧÀ´½øÐзÀÓù±È½¢¶ÓÀ´µÃ¾¼Ã£¬Ëü½ÏС¶øÁ®¼Û£¬¿ÉÒÔ´óÁ¿Ñ¸ËÙ½¨Ô죬ÔÚÔËÓÃÉÏÒ²²»±ØÌ«ÔÚÒâËðʧ¡£¶øÓëÖ®×öΪÅäºÏµÄ£¬ÔòÊǽ¾ü¾ü±¸£¬ÒÔ¼°¸üΪÖØÒªµÄÌú·½¨Éè¡£¼ÈÈ»ÊÇÊØÊƵĹú²ß£¬ÇåÍ¢²¢²»ÐèÒªÔ½ÑóÐж¯£¬²¿¶Óµ÷¶¯¿ÉÍêÈ«¾Óɽ·£¬Â½ÉϽ»Í¨È·Êµ²»±ã£¬ËùÒÔ²ÅÐèÒªÓÉÌú·µÄ½¨ÉèÀ´¸ÄÉÆ¡£Ìú·ʹµÃ½¾ü²¿¶ÓÒ²¿ÉÒÔ»ñÖÂÓë´¬½¢Ï൱µÄ»ú¶¯Á¦£¬Èç´Ë±ã¿ÉÒÔѸËÙµ÷¶¯Ó¦¸¶¿ÉÄÜ´æÔڵĵǽÍþв¡£
¡¡¡¡µ±È»£¬ÈôÊÇÒÔ½ñ·Ç¹Å£¬ÅúÅÐÀîºèÕÂȱ·¦¼ûʶδÃâÁ÷ÓÚʺóÖî¸ð£¬µ«×÷Ϊ¶ÔºóÊÀ¼ìÌÖµÄÔÙÅúÅУ¬¿É¾Í²»Í¬ÁË¡£ÒÔÓãÀ×ͧΪÖ÷º£¾ü½¨ÉèµÄÀíÄÓ뵱ʱ·¨¹úº£¾ü¡°ÉÙ׳ÅÉ¡±µÄ˼ÏëÆÄΪ½Ó½ü£¬´ËÅÉѧ˵ÔÚ1869Äê¼´³öÏÖ£¬²¢ÓÚ1886Ä꺣¾üÉϽ«°Â±È(Admiral Theophile Aube)³öÈη¨¹úº£¾ü²¿³¤ºó³ÉΪʵ¼ÊµÄÕþ²ß£¬ÉõÖÁ»¹ÔçÓÚÂíººÖø×÷³ö°æµÄ1890Äê¡£¶øÌú·ÔÚ¾üÊÂÉϵļÛÖµ£¬ÒàÒÑÔÚ1861ÖÁ1865ÄêµÄÃÀ¹úÄÚÕ½¡¢1866ÄêÆÕ°ÂÕ½Õù¡¢ÒÔ¼°1870ÄêÆÕ·¨Õ½ÕùÖбí¶ÎÞÒÅ£¬ÕâÒ»Çж¼²»ÊÇûÓÐÇ°Àý¿Éѵġ£Óɴ˿ɼû£¬¹ýÈ¥ÂÛÕßÅúÆÀÀîºèÕ»òÇåÍ¢¡°²»Öªº£È¨µÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡±£¬ÅúÆÀÆä¡°ºöÊÓº£·À£¬ÇảÖؽ¡¢ÈÕ±¾³ä·ÖÎüÊÕÂíººº£È¨ÂÛ£¬ÖØÊÓº£Ñ󣬲ÉÈ¡¹¥ÊƵĽ¢¶Ó¾öս˼ÏëÒò¶øµ¼ÖÂʤÀû¡±£¬Ö»Ëµ¶ÔÁËÒ»°ë¡£
¡¡¡¡Õ½ÂÔµÄÎÞÖªÊÇΣÏյģ¬¶øÇåÍ¢µÄÈ·ÊǺ£È¨ÎÞÖª£¬µ«ËüµÄ¡°ÎÞÖª¡±²»ÊDz»ÖªÂíººµÄѧ˵£¬¶øÊDz»ÖªÂíººÒÔÍâµÄѧ˵¡£ÂíººÔø±íʾµØÀíλÖÃÊÇ·¢Õ¹º£È¨Ìõ¼þÖ®Ê×£¬ÈÕ±¾ÎªÒ»µº¹ú£¬·¢Õ¹º£È¨ÊÇÀíËùµ±È»µÄ£»µ«ÖйúËäÓÐÏ൱µÄº£°¶Ïߣ¬È´ÓиüÃ೤µÄ½ÉϹú½ç¡¢¹ã´óµÄÁìÍÁ£¬ÒÔ¼°»¢ÊÓíñíñµÄÇ¿ÁÚ£¬ÊǾø¶ÔÎÞ·¨ºöÊÓ½µØµÄ£¬²»¸Ãһζ׷Ë溣ȨÂÛÓë¡°º£Ö÷½´Ó¡±µÄ¹ÛÄî¡£ÂíººÖø×÷ËäÈ»ÊǾµäÖ®×÷£¬µ«Ò²ÊÇÓÐÄÚÔÚµÄì¶Ü£ºÈç¹û·¢Õ¹º£È¨Ê×ÒªÌõ¼þÊǵØÀí»·¾³£¬·¢Õ¹º£È¨ÓÖÈçºÎÊǹú¼Ò×ßÏòÇ¿Ê¢ÓëȨÁ¦µÄ±Ø¾µÀ·ÄØ£¿ÂíººµÄÀíÂÛÊǹéÄɵĶø·ÇÑÝÒïµÄ£¬È±·¦Âß¼µÄÒ»¹á£¬¹é½áÓ¢¹ú¹ýÈ¥µÄÀúÊ·¾Ñ飬ֻÊÊÓÃÓÚÓ¢¹úÕâÀàµÄÈ«Ñó(º£µº)¹ú¼Ò£»µ«Öйú×÷Ϊһ¸ö°ëÑó(´ó½)¹ú¼Ò£¬ÊµÓ¦²ÉÓ÷¨¹úµÄÀíÂÛ¡£¾ÍÏñ°ÝʦѧÒÕÒ²ÒªÇкÏÌåÖÊ£¬´ó½µÄÖйúÈôÕÒÉϺ£ÑóµÄÂíºº£¬ÄÑÃâÒªÆøѪÄæÁ÷¡¢×ß»ðÈëħ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÇåÍ¢Æóͼѧϰ¡°´¬¼áÅÚÀû¡±£¬µ«×ß´íÁË·½Ïò£ºÇåÍ¢¶Ôº£È¨Ò»Öª°ë½â£¬ÍüÈ´ÁËÖйú¡°°ëÑ󡱵ı¾ÖÊ£¬´íÎóµØ¡°Öغ£Çὡ±¡£Çå͢ͶÈ뽨É躣¾üµÄ¾·Ñ£¬Ã¿Äê¸ß´ï2,000ÍòÁ½£¬Õ¼ÖÐÑëÕþ¸®ËêÈëµÄ20%£¬¶ø½¾üÈ´½öÒԵط½Ë°ÊÕÖ§Ó¦¡£±±Ñ󽢶Ó×î³õ±à³Éʱ¿ÉνÕóÈÝÌÃÌ㬰ÁÊÓÓÚ¶«ÑÇ£»µ«Â½¾üÈ´ÊÇ×°±¸²»Æ룬±àÖÆ»ìÂÒÁãÉ¢£¬ÈÔÒÔӪΪ×î´ó±àÖÆ£¬ÉõÖÁҲûÓÐʦµÄ×éÖ¯¡£ÏàÐÎ֮ϣ¬¾ÍÊÇÈ«Ñó¹ú¼ÒµÄÈÕ±¾£¬Æä½¾üÖÁÉÙÊÇÈ«ÃæÅä·¢ÐÂʽµ¥·¢»òÁ¬·¢ºóÌÅÌîװǹе£¬×°±¸±ÈÇå¾üÕûÆ룬±àÖÆÉÏÒ²×é³ÉÁË»ìºÏ±øÖÖµÄʦÍŵ¥Î»¡£Ò×ÑÔÖ®£¬ÓëÒ»°ãÈÏʶÏà·´£¬Ò»Î¶Í¶×ÊÓÚº£¾ü£¬×·Ç󻪶ø²»Êµ¡¢²»·ûºÏÊØÊƹú²ßµÄ´óÐÍË®Ãæ½¢¶Ó£¬ÑÏÖغöÊÓ½Ȩ·¢Õ¹£¬²ÅÊÇÇåÍ¢ÔÚ¼×ÎçÕ½ÕùÇ°½¨¾ü±¸Õ½ÉÏ×î´óµÄ´íÎó¡£
[1] [2] [3] [ÏÂÒ»Ò³]